"As the heaviest essential mineral nutrient, iodine is required for the synthesis of thyroid hormones.
Iodine deficiency affects about two billion people and is the leading preventable cause of intellectual disabilities.
"The dominant producers of iodine today are Chile and Japan.
Due to its high atomic number and ease of attachment to organic compounds, it has also found favour as a non-toxic radiocontrast material.
Because of the specificity of its uptake by the human body, radioactive isotopes of iodine can also be used to treat thyroid cancer.
Iodine is also used as a catalyst in the industrial production of acetic acid and some polymers. "
"In 1873, the French medical researcher Casimir Davaine (1812–1882) discovered the antiseptic action of iodine.
Antonio Grossich (1849–1926), an Istrian-born surgeon, was among the first to use sterilisation of the operative field.
In 1908, he introduced tincture of iodine as a way to rapidly sterilise the human skin in the surgical field"
"Iodine is the least abundant
of the stable halogens, comprising only 0.46 parts per million of Earth's crustal rocks (compare: fluorine: 544 ppm, chlorine: 126 ppm, bromine: 2.5 ppm) making it
the 60th most abundant element."
"The caliche was the main source of iodine in the 19th century and continues to be important today, replacing kelp (which is no longer an economically viable source), but in the late 20th century brines emerged as a comparable source.
The Japanese Minami KantÅ gas field east of Tokyo and
the American Anadarko Basin
gas field in
northwest Oklahoma
are the two largest such sources"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine
"The Anadarko Basin is a geologic depositional and structural basin centered in the western part of the state of Oklahoma and the Texas Panhandle, and extending into southwestern Kansas and southeastern Colorado.
The basin covers an area of 50,000 square miles (130,000 km2).
By the end of the 20th Century, the Anadarko Basin was producing
the largest amount of natural gas in the United States.
Notable oil and gas fields within the basin include the Hugoton-Panhandle Gas Field, West Edmond Field, Union City Field and the Elk City Field.
The basin is also the only commercial source of iodine in the United States and a major producer of helium.
The basin holds one of the most prolific natural gas reserves in North America, with ultimate gas production in excess of 100 trillion cubic feet (2,800 km3) of gas.
In 2010, the U.S. Geological Survey estimated that the Anadarko Basin held 27.5 trillion cubic feet of natural gas and 410 million barrels of natural gas liquids (NGL).
An IHS Markit's report estimated more than 200 trillion cubic feet of natural gas in the basin.
It is also the 5th largest Natural Gas formation area in the United States.
The brine in the Pennsylvanian Morrow Formation in the Anadarko Basin contains about 300 parts per million iodine, and is the only current commercial source of that element in the United States.
Three companies extract iodine from brine produced as a byproduct of natural gas production from depths of 5,000 feet (1,500 m) to 13,000 feet (4,000 m).
Iodine production in 2005 was 1,570 tonnes.
The Woodward Iodine company plant is 3.7 miles (6.0 km) west of Woodward, Oklahoma
and uses a 6,600 feet (2,000 m) deep well north of the city,
(Boiling Springs State Park, named for its artesian springs that seem to boil, has been established east of the city.)
Boiling Springs, near present-day Woodward, was a favorite campsite of the Plains Indians. A battle between the Kiowa and Cheyenne tribes took place nearby in 1838. The Kiowa and Comanche tribes also battled the United States Army in 1868 in this area, when the US redeployed troops after the Civil War against Native Americans in the West.
In the late 19th century, these tribes fought numerous battles against the United States soldiers and settlers through a wide area around the springs.
After the war, United States Army made various expeditions against the Plains tribes in the Cherokee Outlet. Lieutenant Colonels Alfred Sully and George Armstrong Custer, and General Philip Sheridan, stationed nearby at Fort Supply, led these expeditions"
while the IOCHEM plant 2.5 miles (4.0 km) east of Vici, Oklahoma extracts the brine from a 9,800 feet (3,000 m) deep well.
North American Brine Resources operates a plant near Dover, Oklahoma."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anadarko_Basin
______
"Molasses is rich in vitamins and minerals, including vitamin B6, iron, calcium, magnesium, and potassium.
There are different types of molasses, including first molasses (highest sugar content), second molasses (slightly bitter), and blackstrap molasses (the darkest and most robust in flavor). Molasses was historically popular in the Americas before the 20th century as a sweetener.
The uses of molasses in food production may include:
Principal ingredient in the distillation of rum
Production of dark rye bread
Production of gingerbread (particularly in the Americas)
Production of barbecue sauces
Some brown sugar is made by combining molasses with white sugar
In some beer styles of stouts and porters
Stabilization of emulsifiers in home-made vinaigrette
Industrial :
As a minor component of mortar for brickwork
Mixed with gelatin glue and glycerine in casting composition ink rollers on early printing presses
Horticultural:
As a soil additive to promote microbial activity, resulting in increased production of succinic acid, malic acid, butyric acid and mannitol.
Production of these common plant defensive chemicals by microbes is believed to aid in suppressing plant disease.
(Sorghum actively suppresses weeds by producing sorgoleone, an alkylresorcinol. )
Sorghum is the world's fifth-most important cereal crop after rice, wheat, maize, and barley.
Sorghum is typically an annual, but some cultivars are perennial. It grows in clumps that may reach over 4 metres (13 ft) high.
The grain is small, 2 to 4 millimetres (0.079 to 0.157 in) in diameter. Sweet sorghums are cultivars primarily grown for forage, syrup production, and ethanol; they are taller than those grown for grain.
Sorghum bread
from graves in Predynastic Egypt, some 5,100 years ago, is displayed in the Egyptian Museum, Turin, Italy.
The name sorghum derives from Italian sorgo, which in turn most likely comes from 12th century Medieval Latin surgum or suricum. This in turn may be from Latin syricum, meaning "[grass] of Syria".
Melanie's Bread
Harvesting sorghum in Oklahoma, USA, with a combine harvester
In Northeastern Italy in the early modern period, sticks of sorghum were used by Benandanti visionaries of the Friuli district to fight off witches who were thought to threaten crops and people.
By 1961 the Lindsay area harvested more broomcorn
than any other region in the world
and the county slogan became "We sweep the world"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garvin_County,_Oklahoma
According to Early Modern records, benandanti were believed to have been born with a caul on their head, which gave them the ability to take part in nocturnal visionary traditions that occurred on specific Thursdays during the year.
During these visions, it was believed that their spirits rode upon various animals into the sky and off to places in the countryside. Here they would take part in various games and other activities with other benandanti, and battle malevolent witches who threatened both their crops and their communities using sticks of sorghum.
When not taking part in these visionary journeys, benandanti were also believed to have magical powers that could be used for healing.
The benandanti reported leaving their bodies in the shape of mice, cats, rabbits, or butterflies. The men mostly reported flying into the clouds battling against witches to secure fertility for their community; the women more often reported attending great feasts.
Across Europe, popular culture viewed magical abilities as either innate or learned; in Friulian folk custom, the benandanti were seen as having innate powers marked out at birth.
Specifically, it was a widely held belief that those who in later life became benandanti were born with a caul, or amniotic sac, wrapped around their heads.
In the folklore of Friuli at the time, cauls were imbued with magical properties, being associated with the ability to protect soldiers from harm, to cause an enemy to withdraw, and to help lawyers win their legal cases.
From surviving records, it is apparent that members of the benandanti first learned about its traditions during infancy, usually from their mothers.[6] For this reason, historian Norman Cohn asserted that the benandanti tradition highlights how "not only the waking thoughts but the trance experiences of individuals can be deeply conditioned by the generally accepted beliefs of the society in which they live"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benandanti
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