Buckets of Glacier

  

Indra  

(/ˈɪndrə/; Sanskrit: इन्द्र) is the king of the devas  and Svarga in Hinduism.  

"He is associated with the sky, lightning, weather, thunder, storms, rains, river flows, and war. 

He is a rough equivalent to Zeus in Greek mythology, or Jupiter in Roman mythology. 

 Indra's powers are similar to other Indo-European deities such as Norse Odin,  

Perun, 

 Perkūnas, 

 Zalmoxis,  

Taranis, 

 and Thor, 

 part of the greater Proto-Indo-European mythology. "   

'The Greenland ice cap is losing an average of 30m tonnes of ice  

an hour  

due to the climate crisis,  

a study has revealed" 

____ 

"The possibility that the AMOC is a bistable system (which is either "on" or "off") and could collapse suddenly has been a topic of scientific discussion for a long time.[111][112] 

 In 2004, The Guardian publicized the findings of a report commissioned by Pentagon 

 defence adviser Andrew Marshall, which suggested that  

the average annual temperature in Europe would drop by 6 Fahrenheit between 2010 and 2020 as the result of an abrupt AMOC shutdown." 

"In general, a shutdown of the thermohaline circulation (THC) caused by global warming would trigger cooling in the North Atlantic, Europe, and North America.

 This would particularly affect areas such as the British Isles, France and the Nordic countries, which are warmed by the North Atlantic drift. 

Major consequences, apart from regional cooling, could also include an  

increase in major floods and storms, a collapse of plankton stocks,  

warming or rainfall changes in the tropics or Alaska and Antarctica, 

 more frequent and intense El Niño events due to associated shutdowns of the Kuroshio, Leeuwin, and East Australian Currents that are connected to the same thermohaline circulation as the Gulf Stream, or 

 an oceanic anoxic event — 

 oxygen (O

2) below surface levels

 of the stagnant oceans 

 becomes completely depleted

 – a probable cause of past 

 mass extinction events." 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_meridional_overturning_circulation

2015 study led by James Hansen found that the shutdown or substantial slowdown of the AMOC, besides possibly contributing to extreme end-Eemian events, will cause a more general increase of severe weather. Additional surface cooling from ice melt increases surface and lower tropospheric temperature gradients, and causes in model simulations a large increase of mid-latitude eddy energy throughout the midlatitude troposphere. This in turn leads to an increase of baroclinicity produced by stronger temperature gradients, which provides energy for more severe weather events. This includes winter and near-winter cyclonic storms colloquially known as "superstorms", which generate near-hurricane-force winds and often large amounts of snowfall. These results imply that strong cooling in the North Atlantic from AMOC shutdown potentially increases seasonal mean wind speed of the northeasterlies by as much as 10–20% relative to preindustrial conditions. Because wind power dissipation is proportional to the cube of wind speed, this translates into an increase of storm power dissipation by a factor ~1.4–2,. However, the simulated changes refer to seasonal mean winds averaged over large grid-boxes, not individual storms.[13]

In 2017, a study evaluated the effects of a shutdown on El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), but found no overall impact, with divergent atmospheric processes cancelling each other out.[120] In 2021, a study using a Community Earth System Model suggested that an AMOC slowdown could nevertheless increase the strength of El Niño–Southern Oscillation and thus amplify climate extremes, especially if another Meridional Overturning Circulation develops in the Pacific Ocean in response to AMOC slowdown.[121] In contrast, a 2022 study showed that an AMOC collapse is likely to accelerate the Pacific trade winds and Walker circulation, while weakening Indian and South Atlantic subtropical highs.[122] The next study from the same team showed that the result of those altered atmospheric patterns is a ~30% reduction in ENSO variability and a ~95% reduction in the frequency of extreme El Niño events. Unlike today, El Niño events become more frequent in the central rather than eastern Pacific El Niño events.[123] At the same time, this would essentially make a La Nina state dominant across the globe, likely leading to more frequent extreme rainfall over eastern Australia and worse droughts and bushfire seasons over southwestern United States.

July 2023, a paper from a pair of University of Copenhagen researchers suggested that

 AMOC collapse would most likely happen around 2057,

 with the 95% confidence range between 

 2025 - 2095."