"Teotihuacan" or "puh"
"MEXICO CITY -- Monday's celebrations of the 500th anniversary of Christopher Columbus' arrival in the Americas will be eclipsed by a massive outpouring of indigenous people intent on setting the historical record straight.
https://www.upi.com/Archives/1992/10/11/Columbus-Day-stirs-mixed-emotions-in-Latin-America/7912718776000/
Descendents of the Mayas, Aztecs, Incas and other ancient civilizations of the Western Hemisphere have siezed on Oct. 12, 1992 ,as an opportunity to illuminate the dark side of the Spanish conquest.
Through a reexamination of Columbus' legacy they hope to shed light on the misery that still characterizes life for many of this hemisphere's 35 million indigenous people."------blotgodi were There.
is an ancient Mesoamerican city located in a sub-valley of the Valley of Mexico, which is located in the State of Mexico, 40 kilometres (25 mi) northeast of modern-day Mexico City.Teotihuacan is known today as the site of many of the most architecturally significant Mesoamerican pyramids built in the pre-Columbian Americas.
It is the most important and largest pre-Columbian city in Mexico. At its zenith, perhaps in the first half of the first millennium CE, Teotihuacan was the largest city in the pre-Columbian Americas, with a population estimated at 125,000 or more, making it at least the sixth-largest city in the world during its epoch.
After the collapse of Teotihuacan, central Mexico was dominated by the Toltecs of Tula until about 1150 CE.
The city covered 8 square miles; 80 to 90 percent of the total population of the valley resided in Teotihuacan. Apart from the pyramids, Teotihuacan is also anthropologically significant for its complex, multi-family residential compounds, the Avenue of the Dead, and its vibrant, well-preserved murals.
Additionally, Teotihuacan exported fine obsidian tools that are found throughout Mesoamerica. The city is thought to have been established around 100 BCE, with major monuments continuously under construction until about 250 CE"
"The original name of the city is unknown, but it appears in hieroglyphic texts from the Maya region as puh, or "Place of Reeds"
(Note the "Light" that moves up the stairs if you scroll it like bloggod.)
__________
"The name Teōtīhuacān was given by the Nahuatl-speaking Aztecs centuries after the fall of the city around 550 CE.
The term has been glossed as "birthplace of the gods", or "place where gods were born"
Puma mural:
"The city's broad central avenue, called "Avenue of the Dead" (a translation from its Nahuatl name Miccoatli), is flanked by impressive ceremonial architecture, including the immense Pyramid of the Sun (third largest in the World after the Great Pyramid of Cholula and the Great Pyramid of Giza).
Pyramid of the Moon and The Ciudadela with Temple of the Feathered Serpent Quetzalcoatl are placed at both ends of the Avenue while Palace-museum Quetzalpapálot, the fourth basic structure of site, is situated between two main pyramids.
:
"The Temple of the Feathered Serpent is the third largest pyramid[1] at Teotihuacan, a pre-Columbian site in central Mexico (the term Teotihuacan (or Teotihuacano) is also used for the whole civilization and cultural complex associated with the site). This structure is notable partly due to the discovery in the 1980s of more than a hundred possibly sacrificial victims found buried beneath the structure.
The burials, like the structure, are dated to between 150 and 200 CE"
"Nearly 1,000 tons of soil and debris were removed from the tunnel. There were large spiral seashells, cat bones, pottery, fragments of human skin.
The rich array of objects unearthed included: wooden masks covered with inlaid rock jade and quartz, elaborate necklaces, rings, greenstone crocodile teeth and human figurines, crystals shaped into eyes, beetle wings arranged in a box, sculptures of jaguars, and hundreds of metallized spheres.
The mysterious globes lay in both the north and south chambers. Ranging from 40 to 130 millimetres, the balls have a core of clay and are covered with a yellow jarosite formed by the oxidation of pyrite.
According to George Cowgill from Arizona State University the spheres are a fascinating find, "Pyrite was certainly used by the Teotihuacanos and other ancient Mesoamerican societies.
Originally the spheres would have shone brilliantly. They are indeed unique, but I have no idea what they mean."
All these artifacts were deposited deliberately and pointedly, as if in offering to appease the gods.
"In late 2003 a tunnel beneath the Temple of the Feathered Serpent was accidentally discovered by Sergio Gómez Chávez and Julie Gazzola archaeologists of the National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH).
After days of heavy rainstorm Gómez Chávez noticed that a nearly three-foot-wide sinkhole occurred near the foot of the temple pyramid.[
First trying to examine the hole with a flashlight from above Gómez could see only darkness, so tied with a line of heavy rope around his waist he was lowered by several colleagues, and descending into the murk he realized it was a perfectly cylindrical shaft.
At the bottom he came to rest in apparently ancient construction – a man-made tunnel, blocked in both directions by immense stones.
Gómez was aware that archaeologists had previously discovered a narrow tunnel underneath the Pyramid of the Sun, and supposed he was now observing a kind of similar mirror tunnel, leading to a subterranean chamber beneath Temple of the Feathered Serpent.
He decided initially to elaborate a clear hypothesis and to obtain approval. Meanwhile, he erected a tent over the sinkhole to preserve it from the hundreds of thousands of tourists who visit Teotihuacán. Researchers reported that the tunnel was believed to have been sealed in 200 CE"
A photo of La Venta Stela 19, the earliest known representation of the Feathered Serpent in Mesoamerica. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetzalcoatl#/media/File:La_Venta_Stele_19_(Delange).jpg
"Quetzalcoatl, the Aztec god of wind, air, and learning, wears around his neck the "wind breastplate" ehecailacocozcatl, "the spirally voluted wind jewel" made of a conch shell.
This talisman was a conch shell cut at the cross-section and was likely worn as a necklace by religious rulers, as such objects have been discovered in burials in archaeological sites throughout Mesoamerica, and potentially symbolized patterns witnessed in hurricanes, dust devils, seashells, and whirlpools, which were elemental forces that had significance in Aztec mythology.
(Motes of One size or Another...)
" Quetzalcoatl was related to gods of the wind, of the planet Venus, of the dawn, of merchants and of arts, crafts and knowledge.
He was also the patron god of the Aztec priesthood, of learning and knowledge"
"In the Codex Chimalpopoca, it is said Quetzalcoatl was coerced by Tezcatlipoca into becoming drunk on pulque, cavorting with his older sister, Quetzalpetlatl, a celibate priestess, and neglecting their religious duties."
(Yeah, the Feathered Serpent wears Tennis Shoes down below with Rubber soles.)
"To the Aztecs, Quetzalcoatl was, as his name indicates, a feathered serpent, a flying reptile (much like a dragon), who was a boundary-maker (and transgressor) between earth and sky. He was a creator deity having contributed essentially to the creation of Mankind."
"'The conquest of one culture over another brought as a consecuence the crushing of an economic political and social order that, with all its faults as established by the Incas, made for a more dignified and just life for the people than that which reins in our land today,' Arbocco said in Lima.
In Mexico City, several thousand indigenous people from at least seven nations are to march on the center of town Monday after recreating ancient rituals at the pyramids of Teotihuacan, just north of the city."
https://www.upi.com/Archives/1992/10/11/Columbus-Day-stirs-mixed-emotions-in-Latin-America/7912718776000/
'The time has come for governments throughout the Americas to stop turning their backs on the human rights of indigenous peoples -- and end the hundreds of years of violations they have suffered,' Amnesty International said last week in Mexico City, where the human rights watchdog organization released a special report on abuses suffered by indigenous people."
"In front of nearby Government House, a small group of Kolla Indians staged a four-day hunger strike in advance of Monday's 'non- celebration' of Columbus Day.
"They had walked to Buenos Aires from their home in Jujuy province, almost 1,000 miles to the north in a region where several indigenous tribes were the target of a government genocide campaign during the last century that Kolla leader Geranimo Alvarez Prado compared to the extermination of Jews during World War II."
________
I was there 10-11-1992.
Forest Bloodgood, aka bloggod, blotgodi.
I'd started fasting in Palenque a few days earlier. I'd bought white pants and a white shirt at the market in San Cristobal, as someone advised me to do.
I was traveling with an Australian woman, Diana, my lover. We were staying at a big old hotel in the Zocalo in Mexico City, on the ruins of Tenochitlan. We took a mini sized tour bus out.
There were hundreds of Mexican Army with guns, and thousands of "protesters"
"Indians"
"Indians" walked over the course of a year from Alaska, and from Rio de Janeiro. It took a year for people to walk that far, to celebrate resistance of 500 years to Catholic genocide of indigenous peoples and women and children.
I was in a spiritual plane, let's put it that way. I think Diana and me went out more than one day, not sure.
I was not treated unkindly by an "Indian." I was not spat at, cursed, heckled, assaulted.
Gringo Bloodgood didn't have to make my peace. It walked with me then, and still does. I am forever grateful for my hosts and friends and their kindness in sharing food, water, and peace.
----flb 5-16-20
_________________
https://thorvald.is/?page_id=392
"According to Eyrbyggja saga Björn Breiðvíkingur Ásbrandsson, bynamed Champion during his viking route back in Europe, leaves his native Iceland because of illicit love.
Björn had had an affair with married lady Thurid, wife of Thorod Tax-Catcher, and people were convinced their son was his offspring.
When affronted by Thurid’s brother, magistrate Snorri goði, Björn admits that living in the same country he can’t stay away from his love Thurid.
Staying would mean bloodshed. Under physical threat, taken by surprise without his weapons, Björn promises Snorri to go live for a few years in Europe. The North-Atlantic ocean is an efficient barrier when love is beyond control."
" possible Mesa-American clues:"
TEXT:
"… late in the days of King Olaf the Holy († 1030) Gudleif went a merchant voyage west to Dublin, and when he sailed from the west he was minded for Iceland, and he sailed round Ireland by the west, and fell in with gales from east and north-east, and so drove a long way west into the main and south-westward withal, so that they saw nought of land; by then was the summer pretty far spent, and therefore they made many vows, that they might escape from out the main.
But so it befell at last that they were ware of land; a great land it was, but they knew nought what land.
Then such rede took Gudleif and his crew, that they should sail unto land, for they thought it ill to have to do any more with the main sea; and so then they got them good haven.
And when they had been there a little while, men came to meet them whereof none knew aught, though they deemed somewhat that they spake in the Erse[4] tongue.
At last they came in such throngs that they made many hundreds, and they laid hands on them all, and bound them, and drove them up into the country, and they were brought to a certain mote and were doomed thereat. And this they came to know, that some would that they should be slain, and othersome that they should be allotted to the countryfolk, and be their slaves.
And so, while these matters are in debate, they see a company of men come riding, and a banner borne over the company, and it seemed to them that there should be some great man amongst these; and so as that company drew nigh, they saw under the banner a man riding, big and like a great chief of aspect, but much stricken in years, and hoary withal; and all they who were there before, worshipped that man, and greeted him as their lord, and they soon found that all counsels and awards were brought whereas he was.
So this man sent for Gudleif and his folk, and whenas they came before him, he spake to them in the tongue of the Northmen, and asked them whence of lands they were. They said that they were Icelanders for the more part.
So the man asked who the Icelanders might be.
Then Gudleif stood forth before the man, and greeted him in worthy wise, and he took his greeting well, and asked whence of Iceland he was. And he told him, of Burgfirth. Then asked he whence of Burgfirth he was, and Gudleif told him.
After that he asked him closely concerning each and all of the mightiest men of Burgfirth and Broadfirth, and amidst this speech he asked concerning Snorri the Priest, and his sister Thurid of Frodiswater, and most of all of the youngling Kiartan, who in those days was gotten to be goodman of Frodis-water.
But now meanwhile the folk of that land were crying out in another place that some counsel should be taken concerning the ship’s crew; so the big man went away from them, and called to him by name twelve of his own men, and they sat talking a long while, and thereafter went to the man-mote.
Then the big man said to Gudleif and his folk: „We people of the country have talked your matter over somewhat, and they have given the whole thing up to my ruling; and I for my part will give you leave to go your ways whithersoever ye will; and though ye may well deem that the summer wears late now, yet will I counsel you to get you gone hence, for here dwelleth a folk untrusty and ill to deal with, and they deem their laws to be already broken of you.“
Gudleif says: „What shall we say concerning this, if it befall us to come back to the land of our kin, as to who has given us our freedom?“
He answered- „That will I not tell you; for I should be ill- content that any of my kin or my foster-brethren should make such a voyage hither as ye would have made, had I not been here for your avail; and now withal,“ says he, „my days have come so far, that on any day it may be looked for that eld shall stride over my head; yea, and though I live yet awhile, yet are there here men mightier than I, who will have little will to give peace to outland men; albeit they be not abiding nearby whereas ye have now come.“
Then this man let make their ship ready for sea and abode with them till the wind was fair for sailing; and or ever he and Gudleif parted, he drew a gold ring from off his arm, and gave it into Gudleif’s hand, and therewithal a good sword, and then spake to Gudleif: „If it befall thee to come back to thy fosterland, then shalt thou deliver this sword to that Kiartan, the goodman at Frodiswater; but the ring to Thurid his mother.“
Then said Gudleif: „And what shall we say concerning the sender of these good things to them?“
He answered: „Say that he sends them who was a greater friend of the goodwife of Frodiswater than of the Priest of Holyfell, her brother; but and if any shall deem that they know thereby who owned these fair things, tell them this my word withal, that I forbid one and all to go seek me, for this land lacks all peace, unless to such as it may befall to come aland in such lucky wise as ye have done; the land also is wide, and harbours are ill to find therein, and in all places trouble and war await outland men, unless it befall them as it has now befallen you.“
Thereafter they parted. Gudleif and his men put to sea, and made Ireland late in the autumn, and abode in Dublin through the winter. But the next summer Gudleif sailed to Iceland, and delivered the goodly gifts there, and all men held it for true that this must have been Björn the Broadwick Champion; but no other true token have men thereof other, than these even now told.
Thus ends the account of Björn’s chieftaindom in America.
Eyrbyggja saga was written before the middle of the 13th century."
Its first English translation was published in 1814."
"Ari Fróði’s (historian 1067-1148) Íslendingabók tells of Irish monks in Iceland before the settlement 870 and as we have a tradition of trusting old books it has been accepted that they sailed up here in their small boats.
But since New world herbs nicotine and cocain were discovered in Egyptian mummies historians are doubting the old notion of the Atlantic as an uncrossible barrier. Historians now feel more inclined to keep an open mind concerning long distance sailing."
"The natives most certainly would have marvelled at the ship as their native vessels were tiny boats in comparison.
The beak of a vikingship happens to be a head of a serpant and the flanks of the ship make the serpant look winged.
They are quite a sight if you stand on the shore and watch. Vikingships were meant to scare and impress, and having an almost flat bottom they are excellent for sailing shallow waters as well as deepest seas."
"There was less doubt about Quetzalcoatl’s arrival upon the scene at „year one reed“ in the 52 year cycle."
"1) Ce Ácatl Tepoztlán Quetzalcoatl is said to have introduced columns in Mexican architecture, that helped support the roofs but made their buildings more spacious.
This is a distinct trait of old Scandinavian architecture, they used columns to devide their big halls of timber.
2) Tepoztlán is praised for the introduction of metallurgy and the cutting of jade.
3) Instead of humans he recommended that serpants, birds and butterflies were used for religious sacrifice.
4) He is said to have introduced the idea inherited by the Aztecas that the soul of those who died in battle would unite with the gods.
According to old Scandinavian religion the valkyries visited the battlefield to guide the slain to Valhöll, the city of Óðinn (Wodan), while ordinary men went to earthbound Hel after death.
5) One variation of the Quetzalcoatl theme says that when he died he demanded his body be put on a funeral pile and burned, which is a common viking funeral."
https://thorvald.is/?page_id=392
Þórunn Valdimarsdóttir
"When I studied art and pre-Columbian history in San Miguel de Allende Guanajuato Mexico 1977-78 I was fascinated by the idea of a shipload of my countrymen chancing to immigrate to the Yucatan peninsula long before Columbus. I got it from Hans Ebeling’s historybook Die Reise in die Vergangenheit III. Die Europäer gewinnen den Erdball. Geschichte der Neuzeit bis 1789 translated and adopted for Icelandic readers."
"Beauvois, E.: La Découverte du Nouveau Monde par les Irlandais et les Premiéres Traces du Christianisme en Amérique avant l’an 1000. Congrés International des Américanistes, Nancy, 1875.
The Broken Spears. The Aztec account of the Conquest of Mexico. Útgefandi Miguel León-Portilla Beacon Press, 1966.
Bushnell, G. H. S.: The First Americans. The Pre-Columbian Civilizations. Thames and Hudson, 1968.
Clendinnen, Inga: Aztecs – An Interpretation. Cambridge University Press, 1991.
Coe, Michael D.: The Maya. Penguin, 1971.
Cortes, Hernardo: Hernardo Cortés, Five Letters, 1519-1526. Translated by J. Bayard Morris, with an Introduction. First Published 1928. W. W. Norton & Company, án ártals.
Ebeling, Hans: Die Reise in die Vergangenheit. Ein geschictliches Arbeitsbuch. Band III. Die Europäer gewinnen den Erdball.Geschichte der Neuzeit bis 1789.Mit Bildern von Gustav Rüggeberg. Georg Westermann Verlag, Braunschweig, 1959.
Ebeling, Hans: Ferð til fortíðar. Evrópumenn sigra heiminn. Nýöld til 1789. Guðrún Guðmundsdóttir þýddi og endursagði. Litróf – Sögufélagið, 1969.
Elliott, J. H.: “The Spanish Conquest and settlement of America.” The Cambridge History of Latin America. Volume 1, Colonial Latin America. Cambridge University Press, 1984.
Eyrbyggja saga. Íslendingasögur 1. Svart á hvítu, 1987.
Goncalves de Lima, Oswaldo: El maguey y el pulque. En los códices mexicanos. Fondo de cultura económica, 1986.
Íslensk fornrit IV. Eyrbyggja saga et al. Einar Ól. Sveinsson og Matthías Þórðarson gáfu út. Hið íslenska fornritafélag, 1935.
Íslendinga sögur 3. b. Snæfellingasögur. Guðni Jónsson bjó til prentunar. Íslendingasagnaútgáfan, 1953.
Katz, Friedrich: The Ancient American Civilisations. History of Civilisation. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1972.
León-Portilla, Miguel: “Mesoamerica before 1519.” The Cambridge History of Latin America. Volume 1, Colonial Latin America. Cambridge University Press, 1984.
Ólafur Halldórsson: Horfnir heimar. Nýju ljósi varpað á leyndardóma sögunnar. Örn og Örlygur, 1986.
Parkes, Henry Bamford: A History of Mexico. Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1962.
Paz, Octavio: Tho other Mexico: Critique of the Pyramid. Grove Press, 1972.
Porter Weaver, Muriel: The Aztecs, Maya, and Their Predecessors. Archeology of Mesoamerica. Seminar Press, 1972.
Sabloff, Jeremy A.: The Cities of Ancient Mexico. Reconstructing a Lost World. Thames and Hudson, 1989.
La Saga de Snorri le Godi. (Eyrbyggja saga). Traduction, introduction et notes de Régis Boyer. Aubier Montaigne, 1973.
Soustelle, Jacques: Daily Life of the Aztecs, on the Eve of the Spanish Conquest. Penguin, 1964.
„Af höfðingjanum Quetzalcoatli og Birni Breiðvíkingakappa.“ Lesbók Morgunblaðsins, – autumn 1998.
„Var Björn Breiðvíkingakappi skeggjaði höfðinginn Quetzalcoatl sem kom úr austri?“ Kvennaslóðir. Rit til heiðurs Sigríði Th. Erlendsdóttur sagnfræðingi. Kvennasögusafn Íslands, 2001.
Wachtel, Nathan: “The Indian and the Spanish Conquest.” The Cambridge History of Latin America. Volume 1, Colonial Latin America. Cambridge University Press, 1984."
"Þórunn Jarla Valdimarsdóttir or Erlu- and Valdimarsdóttir (b. 25 August 1954 ) was raised in Reykjavik, an Icelandic writer and historian. She has authored over 20 books, countless articles, and has worked on radio and television on historical material. She first attracted general attention for her third book, the biography of Snorri at Húsafell in 1989."
"Þórunn graduated from Hamrahlíð High School in 1973, studied history in Lund Sweden 1973-74 and attended the San Miguel de Allende Mexico Academy of the Arts 1977-78. Onions cand. mag. degree in history from the University of Iceland in 1983 and has since pursued writing. Þórunn's husband was Eggert Þór Bernhardsson (1958-2014) historian and writer, and they had two sons, Gunnar Theodór and Valdimar August."
https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=is&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%259E%25C3%25B3runn_Valdimarsd%25C3%25B3ttir&prev=search
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