great great aunty mary

Great Grandfather's sister

would she have chosen Oil, or Water?

Wakan

-----Sans Arc------

"The Sans Arc, or Itázipčho (Itazipcola, Hazipco - ‘Those who hunt without bows’) in Lakota, are a subdivision of the Lakota people. Sans Arc is the French translation of the Lakota name which means, "Without bows."

One of the many folk etymologies of the Lakota name tells the following story: The true meaning of Itazipacola is "no markings".

 This referred to the fact that the Itazipco were so generous they did not mark their arrows (they were usually marked so that braves could claim the bison they killed (etc.); that way everyone could share the meat of the hunt. This is why when the Creator wanted to give the pipe to the Lakota, the White Buffalo Woman Wopi brought it to the Itazipco, because they would always be willing to share it."
_________


"The Treaty of Fort Laramie of 1868 created the Great Sioux Reservation, a single reservation covering parts of six states, including both of the Dakotas. Subsequent treaties in the 1870s and 1880s broke this reservation up into several smaller reservations. The Cheyenne River Indian Reservation was created in 1889.

Chief Sitting Bull lived on the Cheyenne River Reservation."

                                               *

"Sitting Bull's half brother, Spotted Elk, led an exodus of 350 people off the Cheyenne River Reservation to the south. They were captured on December 28, 1890 on the Pine Ridge Reservation, about 30 miles to the east of the settlement of Pine Ridge.

 Next day they were attacked by over 500 US Army soldiers, and event known as the Wounded Knee Massacre. Approximately 150 to 300 Indians were killed: with many women and children killed during the massacre, halting the exodus.

 Survivors settled on the Pine Ridge Reservation or returned to the Cheyenne River Reservation"

_______________________

"Even though the liberation of Straight Head and Scares

the Hawk from prison helped to satisfy those who had

rallied to the defense of the tribal police, the problem of

multiple jurisdictions on Indian reservations remained. After

the Deadwood trial, South Dakota Episcopal Bishop

William Hobart Hare had written to President Cleveland

about the problem.

 "If Indian police are made to fear that

they will be committing a crime if they obey orders and

defend themselves when attacked, the police force is, of

course, doomed," Hare said

_______

As the Straight Head and Scares the Hawk case became

a victory for constitutional rights. Commissioner of Indian

Affairs Daniel M. Browning encouraged President Grover

Cleveland to honor the seven police for the Fielder affair.^

By thus acting on his 1885 inaugural speech in which he

had pledged that "the Indians . . . shall be fairly and honestly

treated as wards of the Government." Cleveland

could gain favor in the eyes of those pressing for Indian

policy reform.^^ The awards came with a stipulation, however.

In a letter to Agent Couchman, the commissioner of

Indian affairs made it clear that the medals would be

withheld if "their conduct, or the conduct of any one of

them, has been since the trial, such as to forfeit the consideration

to which they would otherwise be entitled."'*

Couchman responded that the conduct oí the seven men

had been exemplary, and in February 1896 he presented

them with medals in the name of the president "as a reward

of merit, and in recognition of their faithful discharge

of duty, under the direction of the Agent, on the occasion

of the killing of William Fielder while resisting arrest.'"For

the seven policemen, the medals' luster was undoubtedly

tarnished"

________

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheyenne_River_Indian_Reservation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sans_Arc

http://textlab.io/doc/9327242/justice-in-transition--the-murder-trial-of-straight-head-...