Great Grandfather's sister
would she have chosen Oil, or Water?
Wakan
Wednesday, February 22, 2017
-----Sans Arc------
"The Sans Arc, or Itázipčho (Itazipcola, Hazipco - ‘Those who hunt without bows’) in Lakota, are a subdivision of the Lakota people. Sans Arc is the French translation of the Lakota name which means, "Without bows."
One of the many folk etymologies of the Lakota name tells the following story: The true meaning of Itazipacola is "no markings".
This referred to the fact that the Itazipco were so generous they did not mark their arrows (they were usually marked so that braves could claim the bison they killed (etc.); that way everyone could share the meat of the hunt. This is why when the Creator wanted to give the pipe to the Lakota, the White Buffalo Woman Wopi brought it to the Itazipco, because they would always be willing to share it."
_________
"The Treaty of Fort Laramie of 1868 created the Great Sioux Reservation, a single reservation covering parts of six states, including both of the Dakotas. Subsequent treaties in the 1870s and 1880s broke this reservation up into several smaller reservations. The Cheyenne River Indian Reservation was created in 1889.
Chief Sitting Bull lived on the Cheyenne River Reservation."
*
"Sitting Bull's half brother, Spotted Elk, led an exodus of 350 people off the Cheyenne River Reservation to the south. They were captured on December 28, 1890 on the Pine Ridge Reservation, about 30 miles to the east of the settlement of Pine Ridge.
Next day they were attacked by over 500 US Army soldiers, and event known as the Wounded Knee Massacre. Approximately 150 to 300 Indians were killed: with many women and children killed during the massacre, halting the exodus.
Survivors settled on the Pine Ridge Reservation or returned to the Cheyenne River Reservation"
_______________________
"Even though the liberation of Straight Head and Scares
the Hawk from prison helped to satisfy those who had
rallied to the defense of the tribal police, the problem of
multiple jurisdictions on Indian reservations remained. After
the Deadwood trial, South Dakota Episcopal Bishop
William Hobart Hare had written to President Cleveland
about the problem.
"If Indian police are made to fear that
they will be committing a crime if they obey orders and
defend themselves when attacked, the police force is, of
course, doomed," Hare said
_______
As the Straight Head and Scares the Hawk case became
a victory for constitutional rights. Commissioner of Indian
Affairs Daniel M. Browning encouraged President Grover
Cleveland to honor the seven police for the Fielder affair.^
By thus acting on his 1885 inaugural speech in which he
had pledged that "the Indians . . . shall be fairly and honestly
treated as wards of the Government." Cleveland
could gain favor in the eyes of those pressing for Indian
policy reform.^^ The awards came with a stipulation, however.
In a letter to Agent Couchman, the commissioner of
Indian affairs made it clear that the medals would be
withheld if "their conduct, or the conduct of any one of
them, has been since the trial, such as to forfeit the consideration
to which they would otherwise be entitled."'*
Couchman responded that the conduct oí the seven men
had been exemplary, and in February 1896 he presented
them with medals in the name of the president "as a reward
of merit, and in recognition of their faithful discharge
of duty, under the direction of the Agent, on the occasion
of the killing of William Fielder while resisting arrest.'"For
the seven policemen, the medals' luster was undoubtedly
tarnished"
________
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheyenne_River_Indian_Reservation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sans_Arc
http://textlab.io/doc/9327242/justice-in-transition--the-murder-trial-of-straight-head-...